Metabasis N. 24
Digital Edition
peer review
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Populismus und Demokratie
November 2017 - Jahr XII - Heft 24
Politische Überlegungen
Parlamentarismo diretto e resilienza della rappresentanza politica
Davide Gianluca Bianchi
DOI: 10.7413/18281567106
La rappresentanza “politica” è specifica proprio perché si distingue dalla rappresentanza del diritto privato: in quest’ultima infatti un soggetto agisce per conto di un altro soggetto, sulla base delle sue – vincolanti – indicazioni; nella rappresentanza politica il mandato è invece “libero”, perché il rappresentante opera in ragione di una sua supposta “superiorità” – intellettuale, sociale o semplicemente politica – nei confronti del rappresentato.
Abstract
This article analyses, in the central part, the functionality of the Rousseau platform created by the 5 Star Movement, in relation to the theory of representation. The introductory part resumes Hanna Pitkin's arguments in his classic study on political representation (1967), translated this year into Italian. The conclusions highlight the reasons for the success of the union between representation and democracy, in order to demonstrate how and why political representation is enduring – and will likely endure in the immediate future – the challenge brought by direct democracy and, in particular, by ‘direct parliamentarianism' implemented by platforms such as Rousseau.
Dei diritti e dei doveri. Spunti per il superamento dell’inflazione dei diritti.
Carmela Bianco
DOI: 10.7413/18281567107
Se, prima di Aristotele, le due parole greche tékhne ed epistéme venivano entrambe tradotte con arte, perizia, abilità, con lo Stagirita il senso del primo termine – tékhne – si approssima a quello della parola “mestiere” e quello del secondo – epistéme – si sposta verso il significato di “sapienza, conoscenza”. Quindi, la tékhne diventa il sapere concreto, l’epistéme il sapere astratto. Aristotele dà avvio così a una netta distinzione tra teoria e pratica, che sarà alla base anche della sua proverbiale divisione tra le scienze.
Abstract
Far away are the times when human nature was considered an unmistakable organism. Discussions on whether or not to take action to treat diseases with genetic engineering procedures have always been favorable to those who are opposed, with the sole assumption of the will to defend their opinion. You claim the right of choice to do what you want your body. But the claim of a right does not rely on respect for a duty? Duty calls for responsibility. Understanding the duties means getting ready for an endless conflict of rights. In today's reality, there are still no rules that absolutely guarantee the right: justice does not live with direct experience. Only injustice has been experienced. This awareness can be useful to those who claim to be always right.
Ripensare la sovranità popolare a partire dal concetto di accountability
Luca Gasbarro
DOI: 10.7413/18281567109
Solo di recente, ha cominciato a farsi strada, pure nel dibattito politico italiano, un concetto che è stato a lungo ignorato, quello di accountability. Tale nozione, partendo dall’ambito economico, si è estesa alla possibile regolazione del rapporto tra governanti e governati riferendosi a quei meccanismi di domanda, giustificazione e controllo, capaci di rendere più agibile la partecipazione politica.
Abstract
This essay aims to critically analyze the concept of accountability. In fact, that notion, concerns the regulation of the relationship between rulers and ruled, referring to the mechanisms of demand, justification and control, capable of making more accessible political participation. For this feature, accountability is an interesting tool to enhance the debate on the foundations of democracy, on its implementation difficulties and its characteristics of representation and participation.
Il diritto e la politica tra storia e infrastoria
Franca Menichetti
DOI: 10.7413/18281567110
Sul diritto e sulla politica, non c’è domanda filosofica che per la sua universalità possa allontanarsi dall’abisso della meditazione. Questa domanda, per esempio: ci sarà una Corte mondiale di giustizia per tutelare i diritti dell’uomo, tutti considerati inviolabili? Il diritto infrastorico e la politica infrastorica chiedono ed esigono una tale Corte. La chiedono e la esigono l’etica minimale e l’inclusività ospitale. La chiede e la esige la filosofia archetipica, che all’essere o all’ossatura del diritto e della politica guarda e non trema. Guarda e non teme.
Abstract
In the following pages, I don’t discuss the philosophy of natural law, but the opposite philosophy: the philosophy of a new historicism, in which all the ideals of law and politics are still strong and alive, when are denied. Two examples: the hospitality and the overcoming of cosmopolitism. Sub 1. Everybody has the right to present himself as a guest. Everybody has the duty to give hospitality. Sub 2. The cosmopolitism isn’t far from his negation. And the negation, in terms of theoretic and practical philosophy of law and politics, refuses the particularity without universality and the universality without particularity: two abstractions, if disunited.
Populismo e corpo mediale
Giuliana Parotto
DOI: 10.7413/18281567112
Anche il concetto di populismo, come accade per molti concetti centrali del pensiero politico, presenta un notevole grado di articolazione, che è tanto più elevato quanto più il fenomeno investe il concreto contesto storico e l’elaborazione concettuale segue da vicino il prodursi delle realtà politiche e culturali a cui si riferisce. Tra le varie forme di “populismo” appare essere la più aggressiva e la meno controllabile quella legata alla leadership carismatica, che emerge nel contesto della cosiddetta personalizzazione della politica.
Abstract
The paper deals with a particular typology of populism, which develops in the “society of spectacle”, described by Guy Debord nearly 50 years ago in his still relevant book. Populism means the claim of a broader political space by people and is linked with a deep distrust in the political elite perceived as the origin of any social hardship. The “Society of spectacle”, where the social life is subsumed by technology and images, leads to a personalization of politics and the political leaders are replaced by their simulacra. When populism involves a strong political leader, who is a simulacrum, new issues emerge. The paper analyzes and illuminates these phenomena, showing the growing dangers they represent for democracy.
Democrazia e populismo. Sull’impossibilità di una democrazia post-rappresentativa, a partire da B. Constant e N. Bobbio
Erasmo Silvio Storace
DOI: 10.7413/18281567113
Una delle caratteristiche dei movimenti populisti, o della maggior parte di essi, consiste nel proporre nuove forme di partecipazione politica. In particolare, diversi movimenti populisti propongono oggi di rinunciare alla democrazia rappresentativa in favore di una democrazia diretta. Nella pagine che seguono cercheremo di sfruttare la lezione di due classici, Benjamin Constant e Norberto Bobbio, per ri-pensare le questioni della rappresentanza, della democrazia e del populismo, a partire dall'inscindibile nesso con l'idea di libertà, che è alla base delle riflessioni tanto di Constant quanto di Bobbio.
Abstract
The theme of representation, in the form of democratic government, has always been a problem worthy of investigation, from the origin of the debate to the present day. Today, for instance, new political subjects, often called “populists”, tend to propose new ways of political participation. To address these issues, we can refer to a great classic of political thought, Benjamin Costant, approaching it through the key of reading offered by Norberto Bobbio. Both authors, although in different forms, show the limits of a non-representative democracy, so that Bobbio, in his review of the concept of “freedom” starting from the work of Costant, will come to argue that democracy is “the only achievable”. The second part of the article focuses on the impossibility of a post-representative democracy today, focusing first on the genesis of the crisis of representation, from which arise phenomena that can be summarized under the name of “post-democracy”.
Il dilemma della democrazia
Teresa Tonchia
DOI: 10.7413/18281567114
L’idea di democrazia ha la capacità di attirare l’immaginazione politica in quanto rinvia ad un termine, ad una parola-simbolo che è diventata un topos dell’Occidente. Eppure della democrazia non si può dare una definizione esaustiva ed univoca avendo attraversato la storia per più di 2000 anni. Occorre allora domandarsi perché, nonostante la trasformazione che il concetto ha subito nel corso del tempo, tale sistema di governo costituisca una visione ideale proiettata in un futuro. Il che porta a riflettere sulla democrazia ideale e sulla democrazia reale.
Abstract
Democracy establishes an ideal, a model to which both modernity and post-modernity tend towards for the realization of a world of equals where everyone finds oneself free. A world that needs to consider its origin and its power that it’s anchored in the people’s will and people’s sovereignty. The idea of democracy contains in itself an element of unattainability because it produces its degeneration the moment this ideal translates to reality. We can read democracy as an identity where dualism between people and its representative figure does not exist: the leader and the people thus evoke a populist leadership which on its own turn can represent yet another “deviation” of democracy.
Can populism be an ally of democracy?
Massimo Vittorio
DOI: 10.7413/18281567116
The paper focuses on the concept of populism and its relationship with democracy. At the beginning, a brief history of the origins of populism is outlined. Then, the paper analyses the social and political qualities of populism and whether and how they relate to democracy. The core of the paper is represented by a consideration of Dewey’s view of populism and democracy and his role in the League. The paper concludes with an assessment of populism as possible ally of democracy.
Abstract
The paper focuses on the concept of populism and its relationship with democracy. At the beginning, a brief history of the origins of populism is outlined. Then, the paper analyses the social and political qualities of populism and whether and how they relate to democracy. The core of the paper is represented by a consideration of Dewey’s view of populism and democracy and his role in the League. The paper concludes with an assessment of populism as possible ally of democracy.
Philosophische Aussichten
Lash, les forces actives du désir et la sociologie des pulsions
Eduardo Portanova Barros et Antonio César Fosenca
DOI: 10.7413/18281567105
Le britannique Scott Lash, chez «Sociologie du postmodernisme» (1997), au chapître «Généalogie et corps: Foucault, Deleuze et Nietzsche» met en question deux auteurs qui, selon lui, ont été marginalisés lorsqu'on parle du désir: Deleuze et Nietzsche. Pour Lash, “Deleuze peut revendiquer le même statut généalogiste que Foucault” (1997, p. 82). Quant à Nietzsche, Lash affirme que peu d'attention est accordée aux questions concernant la méthode généalogique dans son travail.
Abstract
This article is part of a research about the Sociology of Instinct inspired in the British Scott Lash and his book “Sociology of Postmodernism” (1997) specifically in the chapter “Genealogy and Body: Foucault, Deleuze and Nietzsche”. According to him, Deleuze and Nietzsche were marginalized if compared to the genealogical status of Foucault. As for Nietzsche, Lash says that little attention is paid to questions about the genealogical method in his work. The proposal of Lash, therefore, is to expand, as he said, the discussion. And to expand, in its conception, we must speak of genealogy not only according to Foucault, who would not be the only genealogist, but also in accordance with Deleuze and Nietzsche. The pleasure is to replace the passive body by active forces of desire.
Edipo re e non re. L’estetica del labirinto giuridico e politico
Domenico Corradini
DOI: 10.7413/18281567108
Conosce Edipo il colpevole o i colpevoli della morte di Laio? Se sì, lo si mandi o li si mandi in esilio o alla morte. Il sangue con ingiustizia versato chiama l’ingiusto sangue di chi l’ha fatto versare. La morte chiama la morte. La morte con la morte si espia. Tutto questo dice Creonte a Edipo, dall’Oracolo d’Apollo due versioni desumendo, una con chi soggetto e l’altra con soggetto coloro: «il colpevole» e «gli uccisori». Una e bina la versione.
Abstract
In Σοφοκλέους, Οἰδίπους Τύραννος, the critics (of literature, as well of legal and political philosophy) considers at the center of the attention the conflict between Oedipus and Creon, the first a King and a not-King, the second an ex Regent and in the end a King. These pages, instead, persist: (1) on Sphinx in its far-sightedness; (2) on Jocasta, that makes inquires, and (3) on the Oedipus’s conviction or prophecy that Antigone and Ismene will live without weddings and therefore without white flowers of good wishes. Philosophy of law and of politics is for me connected, in an indissoluble way, to the music and theater, to the picture and photos.
La corporeità del terrore
Raffaella Sabra Palmisano
DOI: 10.7413/18281567111
In alcune raffigurazioni pittoriche tra il XV e il XVI secolo la Morte è rappresentata con le vesti di colui che porta via: “(elle) porte le costume de celui qu’elle enlève, elle est “sa” mort”. La Morte ricalca così l’aspetto del suo morto, vi è un rapporto duale tra la Morte e colui che viene accompagnato, una relazione tra soggetti: per indossare la maschera o, se preferiamo, per “porter le costume” di colui che morirà, la Morte riconosce la soggettità o, meglio, l’alterità dell’Altro.
Abstract
The recent developments of terrorism seem to be related to a conception of Alterity and body which is due to an hermeneutic of human being that the Author supposes to be originated by what can be called the “contemporary solipsismus”. The question of terrorism is here analyzed by attempting to define how the hermeneutic of the “contemporary solipsismus” acts and how it influences the conception and the experience of terrorism. Firmly believing in the inseparability of thought and action, the Author aims to demonstrate - by using some concepts of medical anthropology - how the perception and the experience of terrorism is related to the contemporary solipsismus and particularly to its conception of Alterity and body.
Critica della (non) ragione populista
Natascia Villani
DOI: 10.7413/18281567115
La storia del concetto di populismo oscilla perennemente tra due caratterizzazioni peculiari - indeterminatezza e ambivalenza - che ne hanno contraddistinto lo sviluppo sino ai tempi più recenti. Oggi, infatti, possiamo apprezzare una rinnovata attenzione scientifica che, complice la contingenza storica degli ultimi anni, cerca di ridefinirne processi, dispositivi e legami.
Abstract
So what is populism? Is it an ideology, a social movement, a form of leadership, or a political regime? Resuming the intuition and the title of Laclau’s work, The populist reason, which collects thirty years of study about Latin American experience, we tried to answer to this question by re-examining all the stages of philosophical and sociological speculation, highlighting the polysemic aspects that make it hardly ascribable to a unit, even rhetorical-exhibit. From the backdrop of the processes of modernization to the logic of political action, populism needs to be read as a true political theory without that denigrating attitude that relegated it into a subordinate and pathological status. Populism is therefore a political experiment, the result of the eloquence of the elites and of a personalistic politics, which today finds its roots in contemporary democracies. Instead of a rational model that has long read populism in terms of lack of illness, incurable incurability, today we pro-pose to broaden our vision and consider populism as a possible structuring of political life.
Platone, l’esoterismo, la politica
Carmelo Muscato
DOI: 10.7413/18281567117
Alla fine degli anni Cinquanta del secolo scorso, due studiosi dell’Università di Tubinga hanno posto l’attenzione sulla cosiddetta tradizione indiretta di Platone, ossia sulle testimonianze dei primi discepoli, le quali attribuiscono a Platone delle dottrine non presenti nei Dialoghi. Mettendo in relazione queste testimonianze con la critica che Platone rivolge alla scrittura, gli studiosi hanno proposto una nuova interpretazione di Platone, secondo la quale il pensiero platonico solo in parte si trova esposto nei Dialoghi, mentre la parte più rilevante di esso è costituita da una dottrina riservata all’insegnamento orale all’interno dell’Accademia.
Abstract
The significance of Plato’s unwritten doctrines was a much discussed problem in the last decades of the last century. Today it may be useful to return to this issue in order to investigate some aspects that have not been properly considered yet. The main point is an understanding of esotericism and its philosophical-political implications. The interpretation of the School of Tubingen underlies the assumption of a universally valid knowledge which assigns no place to esoteric knowledge in the proper sense of the term. Moreover, behind that conception of knowledge, according to which secrecy and esotericism are only a legacy from the past, it should be pointed out an uncritical assumption of the superiority of the present, of the current conception of knowledge and of the corresponding political regime.
Variazioni sul concetto di minoranza
Fabrizio Sciacca
DOI: 10.7413/18281567118
Esistono minoranze in natura? Esistono come prodotto storico o evolutivo: vi sono specie animali rare o in via di estinzione, lingue parlate da pochissime persone, etnie molto esigue. Tutto questo non è originario, ma sicuramente derivato (in parte anche artificiale): è il frutto di processi di distruzione o di prevaricazione di specie animali o umane su altre, o di disadattamenti culturali o ambientali.
Abstract
The aim of this work is to show that ‘minority’ can be viewed as an artificial concept rather than a natural one. Therefore, its essential political meaning is conventional, not ethical.
Il borghese illuminato, il borghese nero. Schopenhauer come critico della società moderna nella riflessione di Horkheimer
Simone Cavallini
DOI: 10.7413/18281567119
Guardando le cose dal punto di vista dell’uomo che si ritrova a vivere nell’epoca della torsione dialettica dell’illuminismo verso la mitologia ed il positivismo, cioè da quel punto di vista tratteggiato da Horkheimer e da Adorno nella Dialektik der Aufklärung, non possiamo che essere scettici davanti all’idea di racchiudere la totalità del reale entro un sistema onnicomprensivo ed internamente coerente.
Abstract
This article outlines Horkheimer’s reinterpretation of Schopenhauer’s philosophy in his Sozialphilosophische Studien, it highlights its internal contradiction and on this basis it elaborates a dialectical interpretation key that can explain how Schopenhauer’s philosophy can still be actual today as a criticism on modern society. The first paragraph sketches the contradiction in Horkheimer’s vision of Schopenhauer’s social philosophy, where it appears as a contrast between his conservatism and his progressivism. The second one clarifies the ontological foundation of the State and correlatively the meaning of Schopenhauer’s conservatism as an apologia for the repressive society. The third paragraph, by virtue of the results of the second one, elaborates a dialectical interpretation key for Horkheimer’s reinterpretation of Schopenhauer’s thought and with this key it shows how its apologia dialectically turns into a strong critique on modern society and it puts it in relation with the critical theory of the Frankfurt School.
Metabasis N. 24
Digital Edition
peer review
Wird jeder Essay von 2 Referees anonym bewertet und ihre Kommentare werden dem Autor des Essays zurückgeschickt.
