Metabasis N. 30
édition numérique
peer review
Chaque essai de la revue est évalué par deux referees anonymes et leurs observations envoyées à l’auteur.
Le conflit: perspectives multidisciplinaires
Novembre 2020 - An XV - Numéro 30
Réflexions politiques
Culture in conflitto e convivenza possibile
Francesco Bertoldi
DOI: 10.7413/18281567178
Nel presente articolo vorrei condividere una riflessione sul problema della convivenza di contrapposte e alternative comprehensive doctrines nell’attuale società occidentale, basandomi soprattutto su un confronto tra le tesi di Schmitt, Böckenförde, Habermas, Rawls e Charles Taylor.
Abstract
The article intends to analyse the problem of the coexistence of opposite and alternative “comprehensive doctrines” in today's Western society, on the basis of a comparison between the thought of Schmitt, Böckenförde, Habermas, Rawls and Charles Taylor. In this regard the article proposes a possible solution to avoid, on the one hand, the intolerant goal of a total homogeneity, and on the other a naive and aproblematic acceptance of a relativistic multiculturalism.
Centralità dell’idea di conflitto in Spengler
Matteo G. Brega
DOI: 10.7413/18281567179
Il conflitto può essere inteso come categoria interpretativa fondamentale del Novecento, in particolare se applicato a Spengler, sia in quanto punto di vista d’elezione sia in quanto momento decisivo di formazione degli eventi, della storia e delle morfologie della Zivilisation. Il confronto con il Nietzsche della Seconda Inattuale, con alcuni temi heideggeriani e con le riflessioni politiche della Konservative Revolution, può aiutare a delineare con più precisione gli effetti della centralità del concetto di conflitto sino a mostrarne l’ineludibile persistenza.
Abstract
Conflict can be read as a twentieth century fundamental understanding category, especially if applied to Spengler, both as an elected point of view and as a decisive moment in the formation of events, his-tory and morphologies of Zivilisation. The comparison with Nietzsche’s Seconda Inattuale, with some Heideggerian themes and with the political reflections of Konservative Revolution, can help to delineate more precisely the effects of the concept of conflict in order to show its unavoidable persistence.
I supplizi e la sovranità ferita: sull’esecuzione pubblica come risoluzione del conflitto nell’opera di Michel Foucault.
Andrea Germani
DOI: 10.7413/18281567180
Nel suo libro del 1975 Surveiller et punir, naissance de la prison Michel Foucault tracciò un’archeologia del sistema penale francese tesa a evidenziare tutti quegli “strati” che andavano a costituire il sistema carcerario francese. La cesura più importante fra il vecchio e il nuovo mondo della penalità è forse la Rivoluzione: nell’ancien régime, difatti, le punizioni si manifestavano ancora sotto forma di torture e sevizie, solamente dopo il 1789 si opterà per delle tecniche educativo-correttive intese a disciplinare il corpo del condannato.
Abstract
Michel Foucault in his book Surveiller et punir has investigated the evolution of prison system and penal system from the ancient régime to the post-revolutionary era. In the first part of the volume public execution as both a deterrent and an educational technique is discussed; the body of the condemned is teared apart in front of the citizenship, this is the very moment when justice is served, the king shows himself through the ordeal and manifests his absolute power. Everyone who dares to violate the law can be considered an enemy; in this dimension felony and treason are put on the same level and even the most violent act of revenge by the king is fully justified.
La dimensione simbolica della diversità: le matrici della conflittualità etnico-culturale.
Michele Lanna
DOI: 10.7413/18281567181
In questo breve scritto vengono approfonditi i concetti di identità, cultura, etnia, simbolo e conflitto culturale e si sottolinea come la diversità culturale, se da un lato possiede una spiccata attitudine a costituire elemento di tensione, contrapposizione e conflitto, dall’altro si traduce in “conflitto culturale”, solo laddove sia accompagnata da condizioni di esclusione, emarginazione e deprivazione economica, sociale e politica o da potenti spinte ideologiche e nazionalistiche.
Abstract
In this paper the concepts of identity, culture, ethnicity, symbol and cultural conflict are explored and the author underlines how cultural diversity, if on the one hand, possesses a strong aptitude to constitute an element of tension, opposition and conflict, on the other hand it translates into “cultural conflict”, when it is accompanied either by conditions of exclusion, marginalization and economic, social and political deprivation or by powerful ideological and nationalistic impulses.
Dallo stato di diritto allo stato sociale: Italia 1843-1903.
Franca Menichetti
DOI: 10.7413/18281567182
Il 5 luglio 1849, Mazzini lascia Roma. Con sé porta il fallimento dell’alternativa di sinistra, un sogno per la verità mal sognato perché non è riuscito a mobilitare le masse lavoratrici. La rivoluzione, quella che intendeva allontanarsi dall’insurrezione, non è scoppiata.
Abstract
The last decade of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are mainly characterized by the political end of Mazzini and by the unstoppable rise of liberalism. Liberalism is in fact the triumphant ideology even if between disorientation and reactionary pressures, such as the Sicilian Fasci, the riots of the Lunigiana miners and the riots over the high prices of Bava Beccaris in Milan, the appointment of General Pelloux as prime minister, who calls on Parliament for measures that undermine the freedom of the press, assembly and association, but are eventually defeated by the intransigence of the socialists, radical republicans and left liberals. Meanwhile, the Liberal Zanardelli is called to the Government to remedy Pelloux's failures, who appoints Giolitti as Minister of the Interior and insists on the urgency of social protection of the working class. In the meantime, a strange alliance is created between the bourgeoisie of the north and the agrarians of the south, aimed at favouring only the industries of the North, while in the south people are starving and the phenomenon of brigandage is dying rises. And the socialists? By now they have abandoned the Marxist ideology and married the positivistic one. Their impact on the birth of the welfare state is completely marginal, while it will be the ground where liberals will give their best.
Precariousness of the urban life: sowing the seeds of conflict.
Massimo Vittorio
DOI: 10.7413/18281567185
The new field of Urban Ethics focuses on the “good city” and its practices. The idea of the good city dates back to the ancient Greek philosophers, in particular the depiction of the ideal city as an unreachable utopia. It is well known that Plato was the first philosopher to significantly outline the characteristics of the good city. He described extensively the specific geographical, physical, territorial, social, and political properties that the ideal city had to exhibit. Plato provided a successful theoretical model, which was enhanced in following frameworks, e.g. Augustine’s The City of God, More’s Utopia, or Campanella’s The City of Sun are but a few clear examples.
Abstract
The paper focuses on the concept of conflict within the new field of urban ethics. After a quick view on the topic of the ideal city as utopia, thoroughly depicted in the history of philosophy, the paper analyses the concept of space and one specific property of it: replicability. After defining it, the paper shows how this specific quality of space fosters precariousness within the socio-economic urban fabric: hence, the concept of the precarious city is outlined. The paper pinpoints the main consequences of precariousness for the urban lifestyle, particularly for the urban peripheries, and highlights how replicability and precariousness shape conflict within the city and among different urban areas and dwellers. The paper concludes with an assessment whether conflict is a physiological condition for urban life and the harmonious city a mere utopia or otherwise.
Horizons philosophiques
Dalla post democrazia all’identità. Spunti per una critica tra filosofia e sociologia politica.
Elena Alessiato
DOI: 10.7413/18281567176
C’è stato un tempo, non molto lontano, in cui la storia sembrava essere finita. È quello in cui la democrazia liberale, dopo aver debellato – sono quest’anno trenta − l’antagonista più minaccioso rappresentato dal blocco sovietico di ispirazione socialista-comunista, sembrava poter ambire a conquistare il mondo. Complici una crescita economica che pareva inarrestabile e l’affermarsi di tecnologie sempre più estese e invasive, l’illusione di un potenziamento democratico su scala mondiale si è accompagnata alla globalizzazione dei mercati e della finanza.
Abstract
The paper explores the current crisis of the modern western democracies from the point of view of Colin Crouch's work. Through the lens of his post-democratic diagnosis, the democratic crisis appears to involve the relationship between the public function of the States and the private organization of the economic power and, consequently, the relationship between the national management of power and services and the trans- or inter-national extension of the economic forces. The social and political measures suggested by Crouch as possible remedies for reacting against the democratic crisis are analyzed and put under criticism in the second section of the paper. The critical assumption is that Crouch’s proposal, regarding the top-down constitution of transnational democratic institutions, on one side, and the bottom-up mobilization of local and party identities, on the other, risk of being as post-democratic as the problems they want to address. By highlighting this point of view, the paper focuses on the necessity of re-integrating in the political discourse the categories of sovereignty and conflict as ineliminable components of each political order. In the same frame is also considered the need of enlarging the political spectrum of political identities in order to reactivate genuine political forces against a-democratic powers.
I barbari alla frontiera e il vuoto del noi. Variazioni sul tema della paura.
Luigi Alfieri
DOI: 10.7413/18281567177
Cos’è il Noi? Il Noi è la condizione di riconoscibilità di ogni possibile “io”. Anzi di più: ne è la condizione di esistenza. Il paradigma liberale, che anche quando si dice “neo” rischia di essere parecchio “paleo”, inverte questo rapporto: il Noi è il frutto dell’incontro convenzionale e contrattuale degli “io”, preesistenti. La società nasce dagli individui, anzi consiste in loro e di per sé addirittura non esiste.
Abstract
If reflecting on the question about what is “Us”, it can be conceived as the condition of existence of everyone’s life and also what contributes to the formation of the “I”, making its recognition possible. From the conventional and contractual meeting of many “I” arise the society, within which individuals think themselves as people. However, the “Us” is also a malleable container, which leads the conceptual path to deal with the theme of emptiness, the stranger and the confrontation with the Other different from the “I”, through the categories of border and fear.
Politics, verso un’antropologia dell’interconnettività? Potere e controllo della conoscenza nella società digitale.
Fiammetta Ricci
DOI: 10.7413/18281567183
Riflettere sul rapporto tra potere, nuovi linguaggi di interconnessione digitale e forme di controllo della conoscenza, può essere tematizzato attraverso l’idea di una antropologia dell’interconnettività, cogliendone gli aspetti e le implicazioni che sottendono le condizioni di possibilità del vivere sociale e dell’inter-agire politico? Questa domanda fa da leva e da sfondo alle riflessioni che seguiranno, per indagare quale sia il nuovo ordine di procedure logiche, di inquadramenti etici e di nuove forme di controllo dei processi cognitivi di comprensione e condivisione della realtà all'interno del piano d’esistenza individuale e relazionale. Infatti una antropologia dell’interconnettività non tematizza solo il rapporto tra uomo, ambiente e tecnologie del sé, e quindi la capacità umana di modificare e trasformare razionalmente il dato naturale, ma implica anche il dover rispondere a quell’ “oceano di insicurezza” determinato dalla stessa tecnicizzazione del mondo.
Abstract
Can the consideration about the relationship between power, new languages of digital interconnection and forms of knowledge control be thought through the idea of an anthropology of interconnectivity to understand the aspects and implications of social living and political inter-acting? This question is the core and the background of the reflections that will follow, to investigate what is the new order of logical procedures, ethical frameworks and new forms of control of cognitive processes of understanding real-ity within the individual and relational plan of existence. In fact, an anthropology of interconnectivity does not only include the relationship between Man, the environment and technologies of himself, and therefore the human ability to rationally modify and transform the natural data, but it also implies the need to respond to that "ocean of insecurity" determined by the technicalization of the world.
Politics, rootedness in the earth and technique in Martin Heidegger’s onto-historical thinking
Erasmo Silvio Storace
DOI: 10.7413/18281567184
From 21st April 1993, the day in which Martin Heidegger was declared Rector of the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, until today (and probably for a long time still), too many historians of philosophy have preferred to remain in the dimension of gossip with regard to “Heidegger’s alleged Nazism”, rather than engage with the investigation of Heidegger’s deep thought from which the West had the opportunity to re-think itself, its origins and its faith.
Abstract
The paper deals with the political aspects of Martin Heidegger’s thought, also tackling, albeit in a mar-ginal way, some aspects connected to his relationship with National Socialism. To do so, the concepts of “rootedness in the earth” and “technique”, in particular, will be examined in the framework of Mar-tin Heidegger’s so called “onto-historical thinking”, to which Friedrich-Wilhelm von Herrmann has dedicated several interesting studies. First, the paper covers Martin Heidegger’s utter rejection of the National Socialist ideology, in spite of what his critics have variously claimed; Alfredo Marini’s im-portant studies, besides the contributions of von Herrmann and Francesco Alfieri, were taken into par-ticular consideration. Secondly, it introduces the concept of “onto-historical thinking” which Heidegger mostly developed in his Beiträge zur Philosophie (Vom Ereignis), in order to demonstrate its value in the field of political philosophy. Thirdly, “onto-historical thinking” was compared to “fundamental on-tology”. Fourthly, following Martin Heidegger, the necessity to refound ontology is demonstrated to be the prerequisite in order to rethink politics: the concepts of “rootedness in the earth” (and of “uproot-ing”) are here considered. Fifthly, the concept of “earth” was analyzed, together with its philosophical-political value. Finally, the connection of all this to the key notion of technique was illustrated.
Reconfigurations totalitaires du pouvoir
Jean-Jacques Wunenburger
DOI: 10.7413/18281567186
Le phénomène politique du totalitarisme est tenu pour caractéristique de l’évolution des temps modernes. Décelé ou inscrit comme possible dès l’apparition du contrat social hobbesien, puis dès l’ère des révolutions du XVIIIème siècle, attribué à la rationalité rousseauiste, puis accompagnant l’avènement du communisme léniniste puis du nazisme, avant de triompher en Asie, pays réputés être les dépositaires d’un despotisme oriental, le totalitarisme devient, généralement, une forme à part entière de l’évolution de l’Etat au XXème siècle.
Abstract
Does a specific essence of totalitarianism exist as an undemocratic form of power? What profound meaning does totalitarianism assume in respect of the evolution accomplished by our contemporary societies? The article aims to reflect on what connects totalitarianism to the symbolic absolutization of power, taking into account the various examples provided by history, the position occupied by religion and proposing a particular consideration focused on the enlightened despotism. The thought retraces a path that leads to the analysis of charismatic authoritarianism in the form of a new social contract between government and people, then focuses attention on the concept of post-democratic authoritarianism, characterized by various contradictory forces, up to the utopia and the hypothesis of a consensual totalitarian society.
Metabasis N. 30
édition numérique
peer review
Chaque essai de la revue est évalué par deux referees anonymes et leurs observations envoyées à l’auteur.
